Send your first script to the browser

Let's add a button to open and close your navigation menu on mobile screen sizes, requiring some client-side interactivity!

के प्रति तैयार रहना…

• Create a menu component
• Write a <script> to allow your site visitors to open and close the navigation menu
• Move your JavaScript to its .js file

Build a Menu component

Create a <Menu /> component to open and close your mobile menu.

1. Create a file named Menu.astro in src/components/

2. Copy the following code into your component. It creates a button that will be used to toggle the visibility of the navigation links on mobile devices. (You will add the new CSS styles to global.css later.)

   --- 
   ---
   <button aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="main-menu" class="menu">
     Menu
   </button>

3. Place this new <Menu /> component just before your <Navigation /> component in Header.astro.

   Show me the code!

   ---
   import Menu from './Menu.astro';
   import Navigation from './Navigation.astro';
   ---
   <header>
     <nav>
       <Menu />
       <Navigation />
     </nav>
   </header>

4. Add the following styles for your Menu component, including some responsive styles:

   /* nav styles */
   .menu {
     background-color: #0d0950;
     border: none;
     color: #fff;
     font-size: 1.2rem;
     font-weight: bold;
     padding: 5px 10px;
   }
   
   .nav-links {
     width: 100%;
     display: none;
     margin: 0;
   }
   
   .nav-links a {
     display: block;
     text-align: center;
     padding: 10px 0;
     text-decoration: none;
     font-size: 1.2rem;
     font-weight: bold;
     text-transform: uppercase;
     color: #0d0950;
   }
   
   .nav-links a:hover,
   .nav-links a:focus{
     background-color: #ff9776;
   }
   
   :has(.menu[aria-expanded="true"]) .nav-links {
     display: unset;
   }
   
   @media screen and (min-width: 636px) {
     .nav-links {
       margin-left: 5em;
       display: block;
       position: static;
       width: auto;
       background: none;
     }
   
     .nav-links a {
       display: inline-block;
       padding: 15px 20px;
     }
   
     .menu {
       display: none;
     }
   }

Write your first script tag

Your header is not yet interactive because it can't respond to user input, like clicking on the menu to show or hide the navigation links.

Adding a <script> tag provides client-side JavaScript to "listen" for a user event and then respond accordingly.

1. Add the following <script> tag, using Astro's built-in TypeScript support, to index.astro, just before the closing </body> tag.

     <Footer />
     <script>
       const menu = document.querySelector('.menu');
   
       menu?.addEventListener('click', () => {
         const isExpanded = menu.getAttribute('aria-expanded') === 'true';
         menu.setAttribute('aria-expanded', `${!isExpanded}`);
       });
     </script>
   </body>

2. Check your browser preview again at various sizes, and verify that you have a working navigation menu that is both responsive to screen size and responds to user input on this page.

Importing a .js file

Instead of writing your JavaScript directly on each page, you can move the contents of your <script> tag into its own .js file in your project.

1. Create src/scripts/menu.js (you will have to create a new /scripts/ folder) and move your JavaScript into it.

   const menu = document.querySelector('.menu');
   
   menu?.addEventListener('click', () => {
     const isExpanded = menu.getAttribute('aria-expanded') === 'true';
     menu.setAttribute('aria-expanded', `${!isExpanded}`);
   });

2. Replace the contents of the <script> tag on index.astro with the following file import:

     <Footer />
     <script>
       const menu = document.querySelector('.menu');
   
       menu?.addEventListener('click', () => {
         const isExpanded = menu.getAttribute('aria-expanded') === 'true';
         menu.setAttribute('aria-expanded', `${!isExpanded}`);
       });
   
       import "../scripts/menu.js";
     </script>
   </body>

3. Check your browser preview again at a smaller size and verify that the menu still opens and closes your navigation links.

4. Add the same <script> with import to your other two pages, about.astro and blog.astro and verify that you have a responsive, interactive header on each page.

     <Footer />
     <script>
       import "../scripts/menu.js";
     </script>
   </body>

:::note[Takeaway]You had previously used some JavaScript to build parts of your site:

• Defining your page title and heading dynamically
• Mapping through a list of skills on the About page
• Conditionally displaying HTML elements

Those commands are all executed at build time to create static HTML for your site, and then the code is "thrown away."

The JavaScript in a <script> tag is sent to the browser, and is available to run, based on user interactions like refreshing a page or toggling an input.:::

Test your knowledge

1. When does Astro run any JavaScript written in a component's frontmatter?

   1. Astro never runs JavaScript

   2. at build-time

   3. When a visitor clicks a button

   जमा करना

2. Optionally, Astro can send JavaScript to the browser to allow:

   1. users to click page links

   2. faster load times

   3. client-side interactivity

   जमा करना

3. The client-side JavaScript will be sent to a user’s browser when it is written or imported:

   1. in <script> tags

   2. between a .astro file's code fences

   3. in global.css

   जमा करना

Checklist

• I can add client-side interactivity with JavaScript in a <script> tag.
• I can import a .js file into a <script> tag.

Resources

Client-side scripts in Astro